This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the Nigerian criminal justice system, tracing its historical evolution from colonial origins to contemporary challenges and opportunities for reform. Utilizing a qualitative doctrinal review and synthesis of recent empirical studies, legislative developments, media reports, and civil society assessments, this paper highlights systemic deficiencies such as police brutality, weak prosecutorial capacity, judicial delays, pre-trial detention, and correctional overcrowding. The study also identifies reform opportunities through legislative innovation, institutional capacity building, technology integration, and professionalization of criminal justice actors. Drawing on Systems Theory and Conflict Theory, the analysis argues that the system’s dysfunction stems from interlocked institutional failures and entrenched power hierarchies that disadvantage the poor and marginalized. The paper concludes with actionable recommendations, including the establishment of a National Standard Prosecutorial School, enhanced oversight mechanisms, digitized court and case management systems, and alignment with international human rights standards to promote efficiency, accountability, and public trust.
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